The Road to Freedom

The Long Road to Freedom – Understanding the Historical Context of Western Civilization.

Greco-Punic-War Pyrric War First-Punic-War Second-Punic-War Third-Punic-War

The Newest Most Powerful Version of 9-OS to date, called 9-OS ANABASIS, is now available for purchase. Please visit our web-shop by clicking on the link as mentioned below and consider purchasing your own hardware copy of 9-OS to support the ongoing projects of Mako The Poet and Mako The Engineer:

https://nineos.nl/shop/

Table of Content:

  • I. The Long Road to Freedom
  • II. 9-OS [NINE-OS] Democracy’s BFF
  • III. SPQR Invictus – The Long Road to Freedom
  • IV. SPQR (~509-27[*]BCE)

I. The Long Road to Freedom

Statue of Liberty Representing Freedom
Statue of Liberty – source: www.pixabay.com

Real History for Rugged Human Beings:

S.T.A.T.U.E O.F L.I.B.E.R.T.Y

II. 9-OS [NINE-OS] Democracy’s BFF

9-OS#2022 – Official Logo @Copyright@ Mako the Poet

Visit the Website of Mako the Engineer at:

III. SPQR Invictus – The Long Road to Freedom

The Inconquerable Spirit of Democracy
The Unconquerable Spirit of Democracy @Copyright@ Mako the Poet

IV. SPQR (~509-27[*]BCE)

Senātus Populusque Rōmānus
Senātus Populusque Rōmānus (source: Wikimedia commons)

S.P.Q.R

You are not defeated unless you accept defeat.”

Roman proverb

R.O.M.A.N R.E.P.U.B.L.I.C

VID-001: How Ancient Rome Shaped The Modern World

VID-002: The Roman Republic (1/2) – Prof. David Kennedy

VID-003: The History Of Rome by Michael McKeown

VID-004: The History Of Rome by Mike Duncan

VID-005: Roman Republic – political structure

005-001: The Evolution of the Roman Constitution (675 – 273 BCE)

VID-006: Conquerors of Italy: The Early Roman Republic

006-001: Roman expansion in Italy Part I (500-340 BCE)

006-003: Roman expansion in Italy III (387–272 BC) (Samnites Wars)

006-004: Rome’s Conquest of Italy: 509-272 BCE – Ancient Rome Live

VID-007: The Rise of the Roman Republic

VID-008: The Roman Republic

VID-009: The Roman Republic

VID-010: History of Rome

VID-011: Mary Beard on SPQR: The History of Ancient Rome

VID-012: History summarized: The Roman Republic

VID-013: Early Rome: Monarchy and Early Republic

VID-014: A History of the Roman Republic

VID-015: The Roman Republic

VID-016: Roman War Tactics

VID-017: The Roman War Machine

POD-001: Republican Rome Lecture

POD-002: Ancient Rome Part I: Roman Republic

POD-003: Ancient Rome Part III: The Legacy of Rome

The Roman Republic was a state of the classical Roman civilization, run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire, Rome’s control rapidly expanded during this period — from the city’s immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

Roman society under the Republic was primarily a cultural mix of Latin and Etruscan societies, as well as of Sabine, Oscan, and Greek cultural elements, which is especially visible in the Roman Pantheon. Its political organization developed at around the same time as direct democracy in Ancient Greece, with collective and annual magistracies, overseen by a senate.

The top magistrates were the two consuls, who had an extensive range of executive, legislative, judicial, military, and religious powers.

Even though a small number of powerful families (called gentes) monopolised the main magistracies, the Roman Republic is generally considered one of the earliest examples of representative democracy. Roman institutions underwent considerable changes throughout the Republic to adapt to the difficulties it faced, such as the creation of promagistracies to rule its conquered provinces, or the composition of the senate.

Unlike the Pax Romana of the Roman Empire, the Republic was in a state of quasi-perpetual war throughout its existence.

Its first enemies were its Latin and Etruscan neighbours as well as the Gauls, who even sacked the city in 387 BC. The Republic nonetheless demonstrated extreme resilience and always managed to overcome its losses, however catastrophic.

After the Gallic Sack, Rome conquered the whole Italian peninsula in a century, which turned the Republic into a major power in the Mediterranean.

The Republic’s greatest enemy was doubtlessly Carthage, against which it waged three wars. The Punic general Hannibal famously invaded Italy by crossing the Alps and inflicted on Rome two devastating defeats at Lake Trasimene and Cannae, but the Republic once again recovered and won the war thanks to Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC.

With Carthage defeated, Rome became the dominant power of the ancient Mediterranean world.

It then embarked on a long series of difficult conquests, after having notably defeated Philip V and Perseus of Macedon, Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire, the Lusitanian Viriathus, the Numidian Jugurtha, the Pontic king Mithridates VI, the Gaul Vercingetorix, and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra.

At home, the Republic similarly experienced a long streak of social and political crises, which ended in several violent civil wars.

At first, the Conflict of the Orders opposed the patricians, the closed oligarchic elite, to the far more numerous plebs, who finally achieved political equality in several steps during the 4th century BC.

Later, the vast conquests of the Republic disrupted its society, as the immense influx of slaves they brought enriched the aristocracy, but ruined the peasantry and urban workers. In order to address this issue, several social reformers, known as the Populares, tried to pass agrarian laws, but the Gracchi brothers, Saturninus, or Clodius Pulcher were all murdered by their opponents, the Optimates, keepers of the traditional aristocratic order.

Mass slavery also caused three Servile Wars; the last of them was led by Spartacus, a skilful gladiator who ravaged Italy and left Rome powerless until his defeat in 71 BC.

In this context, the last decades of the Republic were marked by the rise of great generals, who exploited their military conquests and the factional situation in Rome to gain control of the political system. Marius (between 105 and 86 BC), then Sulla (between 82 and 78 BC) dominated in turn the Republic; both used extraordinary powers to purge their opponents.

These multiple tensions led to a series of civil wars; the first between the two generals Julius Caesar and Pompey.

Despite his victory and appointment as dictator for life, Caesar was slain in 44 BC. Caesar’s heir Octavian and lieutenant Mark Antony defeated Caesar’s assassins Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, but then turned against each other.

The final defeat of Mark Antony alongside his ally and lover Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the Senate’s grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian as Augustus in 27 BC – which effectively made him the first Roman emperor – thus ended the Republic.

(source: Wikipedia)

Visit the Work of Mako the Poet at:

nineos.org

Visit the Work of Mako the Engineer at:

secpursang.nl

This site contains more than 2500 (two-and-a-half-thousand) links to the Formative Era of Western Civilization. While it proved a rather tedious effort on my part to collect and structure these links, it is an equally challenging task to keep these links working and updated.

Should you encounter an invalid or non-working link anywhere on this site please let me now for it is impossible for me to constantly check their validity (as much as I would like to do so).

As per February 2022 all 2500+ links have been double-checked and should be working OK.

I am always looking to improve the Quality of this site, meaning that if you know of any high-quality links that could/would improve the link quality of the subjects and/or topics mentioned on this site please send me this link with a short comment as to where you believe this link ought to be added in order to enrich the content of this site.

Please mail your link and comment to:

makothepoet@protonmail.com

And above all be sure to enjoy your voyage into the Rich and Abundant Cultural Heritage of Western Civilization, an astounding Source of Wealth when compared to the Nihilist Wasteland that permeates today’s Colleges and Universities.

(Mako The Poet)

Greco-Punic-Wars Pyrrhic War First-Punic-War Second-Punic-War Third-Punic-War

GTP

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